For many patients and families, the word chemotherapy brings fear. Stories of severe vomiting, hair loss and weakness spread quickly, and often they are outdated or only partly true. Chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for cancer, and modern care has made it far more tolerable than before. Understanding the facts can help you make decisions with less anxiety.
What is chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy, or chemo, uses medicines to destroy cancer cells or stop them from growing and dividing. These medicines travel through the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells almost anywhere in the body. Chemotherapy may be used to cure certain cancers, to shrink a tumour before surgery or radiation, to destroy remaining cells after surgery, or to control cancer and relieve symptoms when cure is not possible. It may be given alone or along with other treatments.
Myth 1: Everyone loses their hair
Fact: Hair loss depends on the drugs used. Some chemotherapy medicines commonly cause hair loss, while others cause little or none. When hair is lost, it generally grows back after treatment ends, although it may look slightly different at first.
Myth 2: Chemo always causes severe vomiting
Fact: Medicines that prevent nausea and vomiting are now much better than in the past. They are usually given before chemotherapy and continued at home. Many patients experience mild nausea or none at all. Tell your care team if you feel unwell, because there are many options to help.
Myth 3: Chemotherapy kills more than the cancer
Fact: Chemotherapy can affect healthy, fast-dividing cells, such as those in the hair roots, mouth, gut and bone marrow, which is why side effects occur. But doses and schedules are planned carefully, and the care team monitors blood counts and organ function. Side effects are watched for and treated, and most healthy tissues recover.
Myth 4: I cannot work or live normally during chemo
Fact: Many patients continue some of their normal activities, work or household tasks, adjusting to how they feel. Tiredness is common, so rest is important, and some days will be better than others. Your doctor can advise what is realistic for you.
Myth 5: Chemotherapy means there is no hope
Fact: Chemotherapy is used in many situations, including to cure cancers. In several types, such as certain blood cancers, testicular cancer and some childhood cancers, chemotherapy plays a major role in cure. Outcomes depend on the type and stage of cancer and other factors, so discuss your situation with your doctor.
Myth 6: Herbal and alternative remedies can replace chemotherapy
Fact: There is no proven alternative that replaces effective cancer treatment. Delaying or refusing proven treatment in favour of unproven remedies can allow the cancer to grow and reduce treatment options. Some herbs and supplements may even interfere with chemotherapy. Always tell your oncologist about anything you take.
Myth 7: Chemo patients are contagious or should be isolated
Fact: Cancer is not contagious. Family members can safely hug, eat with and live with a patient. Some precautions are advised for a short period after treatment, such as careful handling of body fluids, and your care team will explain these.
What to expect before chemotherapy
• Detailed evaluation, including scans and blood tests, to plan the treatment
• A discussion about the goals of treatment, the drugs, schedule and possible side effects
• Dental check-up, heart and kidney tests, and fertility counselling if relevant
• Vaccination and infection checks as advised
• A central line or port in some patients who need long-term treatment
What happens on a chemo day
Chemotherapy is usually given in a day-care setting through a vein, though some medicines are taken as tablets. A session can last from under an hour to several hours. Blood tests are done before each cycle to make sure it is safe to proceed. You will be monitored during the infusion, and most people can go home the same day. Treatment is given in cycles, with rest periods in between for the body to recover.
Common side effects and how they are managed
• Tiredness: rest, light activity, good nutrition and treating anaemia
• Nausea and vomiting: anti-sickness medicines, small frequent meals
• Low blood counts: monitored closely, with treatment or injections if needed
• Mouth sores: soft diet, mouth care and medicines
• Hair loss: usually temporary
• Loose stools or constipation: diet changes and medicines
• Numbness or tingling in hands and feet with certain drugs: report early
When to call your doctor urgently
Contact your oncology team immediately, or go to the nearest emergency department, if you have:
• Fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or above, or chills, because infection can become serious quickly during chemotherapy
• Uncontrolled vomiting or diarrhoea, or inability to drink fluids
• Bleeding or unusual bruising
• Severe mouth sores that stop you eating
• Breathlessness, chest pain or swelling of the legs
• Redness, pain or swelling near the drip or port site
Tips to cope better
• Eat small, frequent, nutritious meals and drink enough fluids
• Maintain hand hygiene and avoid crowded places and sick contacts
• Rest when tired and stay as active as you comfortably can
• Keep a diary of symptoms to share with your doctor
• Ask family and friends for support, and talk about your worries
Consult a medical oncologist
Every patient’s chemotherapy plan is different. Dr. Harshavardhan Annadanam, Medical Oncologist, explains the treatment, its benefits and risks, and supports patients through each cycle. Book a consultation to discuss your questions.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is chemotherapy painful?
The infusion itself is generally not painful, apart from the needle prick. Side effects are managed with medicines.
How long does chemotherapy last?
It depends on the cancer, the drugs and the goals. Treatment may last a few months or longer. Your doctor will explain the plan.
Can I eat normally during chemotherapy?
Most people can eat, though appetite may vary. Small, frequent, nutritious meals usually work best, and your doctor or dietitian can guide you.
Will chemo affect fertility?
Some chemotherapy drugs can affect fertility. If this concerns you, discuss it with your doctor before treatment starts.
Have questions about chemotherapy? Consult Dr. Harshavardhan Annadanam, Medical Oncologist.